Specifically, I question and reject the following widely shared premises that shape the conventional wisdom about racism, as well as America's civil rights laws.
* Racism is simply an irrational prejudice, a product of ignorance and fear.
* Slavery was a racist institution, and the Constitution's compromise with slavery discredits the American founding as racist and morally corrupt.
* Segregation was a system established by white racists for the purpose of oppressing blacks.
* In American history, racism is the theory and discrimination is the practice.
* The civil rights movement represented a triumph of justice and enlightenment over the forces of Southern racism and hate.
* Although Martin Luther King, Jr. helped to secure formal rights for blacks, white racism has become more subtle and continues its baleful influence through institutional structures.
* The civil rights leadership is committed to fighting racism and building up the economic and cultural strengths of blacks, especially the poorest ones.
* Affirmative action is a policy that assures equal opportunity for disadvantaged African Americans and other minorities.
* Multiculturalism unites blacks and nonwhite immigrants in a common struggle against white racism.
* Blacks and other persons of color cannot be racist because racism requires not just prejudice but also power.
* Racism is the main obstacle facing African Americans today, and the primary explanation for black problems.