I had a colony of little bumps on my face for a while and it was because I had eaten something that contained something I was allergic to without realizing it. My husband brought home an ice cream and we both read the ingredients but we both missed the coconut oil in the second list for the cookie crumble. I also had them on the backs of my hands. They didn't itch at all.
If you're throwing up that much I wouldn't be surprised if it was broken capillaries. I think those just need time to heal.
As for the bumps, how long have you been using the Clarisonic? I've heard and read from a lot of different places that there can be a month (or even more) long purging process. The Clarisonic digs up all of the crap deep in your pores and it can take a while for it to all come to the surface. My BFF's purging process took almost 6 weeks.
UWhusky's theory on the bumps sounds good to me. Agree about the splotchy probably being from broken capillaries thanks to all the vomiting.
While not necessarily made for broken capillaries, the moisturizer I use for my rosacea might help calm down the splotches a little bit. Mario Badescu control cream. It's the bomb dot com.